Bureau of Nutritional Sciences
Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch
Health Canada
Broekmans WMR, Klopping-Ketelaars WAA, Kluft C, van den Berg H, Kok FJ, van Poppel G. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular risk profile: a diet controlled intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:636-642.
Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Hercberg S, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr. 2006;136:2588-2593.
Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Buring JE. A prospective study of consumption of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:255-260.
He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M, MacGregor GA. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:717-728.
Hertog MG, Feskens EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet, 1993;342:1007-1011.
Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Popovich DG, Vidgen E, Mehling CC, Vuksan V, Ransom TPP, Rao AV, Rosenberg-Zand R, Tang N, Corey P, Jones PJH, Raeini M, Story JA, Furumoto EJ, Illingworth R, Pappu AS, Connelly PW. Effect of a very-high-fibre vegetable, fruit and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism. 2001;50:494-503.
Jenkins DA, Popovich DG, Kendall CWC, Vidgen E, Tariq N, Ransom TPP, Wolever TMS, Vuksan V, Mehling CC, Boctor DL, Bolognesi C, Huang J, Pattern R. Effect of a diet high in vegetables, fruit, and nuts on serum lipids. Metabolism. 1997;46:530-537.
Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Colditz G, Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman D, Willett WC. 2001. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Int Med. 2001;134:1106-1114.
Key TJA, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11 000 vegetarians and health conscious people: Results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ. 1996;313:775-779.
Khaw K-T, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, Wareham N, Oakes S, Day N. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: A prospective population study. Lancet. 2001;357:657-663.
Knekt P, Järvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study. BMJ, 1996;312:478-481.
Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, Wetmore S, Freeman DJ, Piche LA, Serratore P. HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1095-1100.
Kromhout D, Bloemberg BPM, Feskins EJM, Hertog MGL, Menotti A, Blackburn H. Alcohol, fish, fibre, and antioxidant vitamins intake do not explain population differences in coronary heart disease mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:753-759.
Liu S, Min Lee I, Ajani U, Cole SJ, Buring JE, Manson JE. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians’ Health Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;70:130-135.
Liu S, Manson JE, Lee I-M, Cole SR, Hennekens H, Willett WC, Buring JE. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:922-928.
Mann JI, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Thorogood M. Dietary determinants of ischaemic heart disease in health conscious individuals. Heart. 1997;78:450-455.
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:659-669.
Nakanishi N, Nakamura K, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Lifestyle and the development of dyslipidemia: A 4-year follow-up study of middle-aged Japanese male office workers. Environ Health Prev Med. 1999;4:140-145.
Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, and Willett WC. Vegetable, fruit and cereal fibre intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA. 1996;275:447-451.
Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh R, Niaz MA, Singh NK, Madhu SV. Effects on plasma ascorbic acid and coronary risk factors of adding guava fruit to the usual diet in hypertensives with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemia. J Nutr Environ Med. 1997;7: 5-14.
Tinker, L.F., Schneeman, B.O., Davis, P.A., Gallaher, D.D., and Waggoner, C.R. 1991. Consumption of prunes as a source of dietary fiber in men with mild hyper-cholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1259-1265.
Todd, S., Woodward, M., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., and Bolton-Smith, C. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and fibre in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and all-causes mortality: results for the Scottish Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:1073-1080.
Watkins TR, Bierenbaum ML. Grape juice attenuates cardiovascular risk factors in the hyperlipidemic subject. Pharm Biol. 1998;36 (suppl.):75-80.
Zino, S., Skeaff, M., Williams, S., and Mann, J. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma concentrations of lipids and antioxidants. BMJ. 1997; 314:1787-1791.
Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch
Health Canada
Broekmans WMR, Klopping-Ketelaars WAA, Kluft C, van den Berg H, Kok FJ, van Poppel G. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular risk profile: a diet controlled intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:636-642.
Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Hercberg S, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr. 2006;136:2588-2593.
Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Buring JE. A prospective study of consumption of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:255-260.
He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M, MacGregor GA. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:717-728.
Hertog MG, Feskens EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet, 1993;342:1007-1011.
Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Popovich DG, Vidgen E, Mehling CC, Vuksan V, Ransom TPP, Rao AV, Rosenberg-Zand R, Tang N, Corey P, Jones PJH, Raeini M, Story JA, Furumoto EJ, Illingworth R, Pappu AS, Connelly PW. Effect of a very-high-fibre vegetable, fruit and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism. 2001;50:494-503.
Jenkins DA, Popovich DG, Kendall CWC, Vidgen E, Tariq N, Ransom TPP, Wolever TMS, Vuksan V, Mehling CC, Boctor DL, Bolognesi C, Huang J, Pattern R. Effect of a diet high in vegetables, fruit, and nuts on serum lipids. Metabolism. 1997;46:530-537.
Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Colditz G, Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman D, Willett WC. 2001. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Int Med. 2001;134:1106-1114.
Key TJA, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11 000 vegetarians and health conscious people: Results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ. 1996;313:775-779.
Khaw K-T, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, Wareham N, Oakes S, Day N. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: A prospective population study. Lancet. 2001;357:657-663.
Knekt P, Järvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study. BMJ, 1996;312:478-481.
Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, Wetmore S, Freeman DJ, Piche LA, Serratore P. HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1095-1100.
Kromhout D, Bloemberg BPM, Feskins EJM, Hertog MGL, Menotti A, Blackburn H. Alcohol, fish, fibre, and antioxidant vitamins intake do not explain population differences in coronary heart disease mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:753-759.
Liu S, Min Lee I, Ajani U, Cole SJ, Buring JE, Manson JE. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians’ Health Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;70:130-135.
Liu S, Manson JE, Lee I-M, Cole SR, Hennekens H, Willett WC, Buring JE. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:922-928.
Mann JI, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Thorogood M. Dietary determinants of ischaemic heart disease in health conscious individuals. Heart. 1997;78:450-455.
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:659-669.
Nakanishi N, Nakamura K, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Lifestyle and the development of dyslipidemia: A 4-year follow-up study of middle-aged Japanese male office workers. Environ Health Prev Med. 1999;4:140-145.
Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, and Willett WC. Vegetable, fruit and cereal fibre intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA. 1996;275:447-451.
Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh R, Niaz MA, Singh NK, Madhu SV. Effects on plasma ascorbic acid and coronary risk factors of adding guava fruit to the usual diet in hypertensives with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemia. J Nutr Environ Med. 1997;7: 5-14.
Tinker, L.F., Schneeman, B.O., Davis, P.A., Gallaher, D.D., and Waggoner, C.R. 1991. Consumption of prunes as a source of dietary fiber in men with mild hyper-cholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1259-1265.
Todd, S., Woodward, M., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., and Bolton-Smith, C. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and fibre in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and all-causes mortality: results for the Scottish Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:1073-1080.
Watkins TR, Bierenbaum ML. Grape juice attenuates cardiovascular risk factors in the hyperlipidemic subject. Pharm Biol. 1998;36 (suppl.):75-80.
Zino, S., Skeaff, M., Williams, S., and Mann, J. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma concentrations of lipids and antioxidants. BMJ. 1997; 314:1787-1791.
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